Primary Sources:

Aiuto, Russell. "The Legacy of Sacco & Vanzetti." TruTV. Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network. 20 Jan. 2009 <http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/sacco/1_index.html>.

            On this site, we found a lot of information on Sacco and Vanzetti. We even found quotes by Sacco and Vanzetti, images, and poems. This website is a primary source because of all its photos, quotes, and information. Best of all, we had not seen any of these pictures on other sites.

"Day's Developments in Finals Efforts To Save Lives of Sacco and Vanzetti." The New York Times. 10 Aug. 1927.

            This article is a primary source because it was published a few weeks before Sacco and Vanzetti's electrocution. From this article, we learned about some of the final efforts to save Sacco and Vanzetti from execution.

Dukakis, Michael. "An Interview with Former Governor Michael Dukakis." E-mail interview. 5 Feb. 2009.

            From this interview with Michael Dukakis, we have learned many things. One thing we learned is how to get a copy of the Acts of 1939. We also got a quote from him that was said by Judge Thayer, the judge of the trials of Sacco and Vanzetti. He even told us why he thought Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent. He said there were numerous witnesses who claimed Vanzetti was peddling fish at the time of the crime and that a member of a mob told Sacco that he had been convicted of the crime.

Frankfurter, Felix. "The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti." The Atlantic. Mar. 1927.

            The article contained the questions that had been asked by the police to the witnesses of the murder and of the robbery. There was also background information on Sacco and Vanzetti. This article is a primary source because it was published during Sacco and Vanzetti's lifetime and a couple of months before Sacco and Vanzetti's execution.

"Full text of Gov. Fuller's Decision Ending Long Fight of Prisoners." The New York Times. 4 Aug. 1927: 1-2.

            In this article, we learned that Governor Fuller believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty. We also found out that he thought that Sacco and Vanzetti had a fair trial and that there was no reason for them to be given a new trial. This article is a primary source because it was published about three weeks before the electrocution of Sacco and Vanzetti.

 Guthrie, Woody. "Two Good Men ( Sacco and Vanzetti )." Two Good Men ( Sacco and Vanzetti). By Woody Guthrie. Moses Asch, 1946.

            This recording was a song that we used on our website. The song was written and sung by Woody Guthrie and is about Sacco and Vanzetti. It provided audio to our website to make it more appealing.

Linder, Douglas O. "The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti." Famous American Trials. 2000. University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law. 28 Oct. 2008  <http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/saccov.htm>.

            This website had biographies of most of the people involved in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. It also had evidence of why Sacco and Vanzetti could be guilty. There were a lot of images and letters from Sacco and Vanzetti. Most of the letters were for their family and friends and described what they had been through and what they did such as lying to the police. Thus, this website would be a primary source because of all its quotes, letters, excerpts from the trial, and many more first hand accounts.

"Sacco and Vanzetti Friends Threaten Legation in Sofia." The New York Times. 24 Mar. 1922.

            In this article, we found out that several threatening letters had been received by the American Legation, a diplomatic representative office. The sources of the letters were believed to be in sympathy with Sacco and Vanzetti. One of the threatening letters even stated that the legation would be blown up if the Italians, Sacco and Vanzetti, were executed. After receiving these letters, an extra guard was posted around the legation building.

Stark, Louis. "Are Sacco and Vanzetti Guilty?; Witnesses Testifying to Identification as Murderers on One Side; Alibis Backed by Ten Persons on Other--Pointed Summary of Evidence--"Terrorization's" Part in Creating "Atmosphere"" The New York Times 5 Mar. 1922: 3+.

            This article is a primary source because it was published during Sacco and Vanzetti's life. The article had a lot of information on what was happening around the world as people heard about the Sacco and Vanzetti case. In Uruguay, for instance the case had caused a general strike. There was even information on where the news of the Sacco and Vanzetti case had spread.

"The Creative Response to the Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti." The Never-Ending Wrong: The Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. Syracuse University Library. 21 Jan. 2009                            <http://libwww.syr.edu /digital/exhibits/s/SaccoVanzetti/index2.htm>.

            This site had many cartoons and poems about Sacco and Vanzetti. It also had a speech made by Vanzetti to Judge Webster Thayer. This website is a primary source because most of the cartoons/poems were made during the time Sacco and Vanzetti were alive.

"The Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti." CourtTV. 1998. Courtroom Television Network. 25 Oct. 2008  <http://www.courttv.com/archive/greatesttrials/sacco.vanzetti/>.

            On this website, we learned about Sacco and Vanzetti's legacy and why they are important to history. We also found out facts that we didn't know before, such as that the Massachusetts legislature adopted a new law because of their case. This website also had many interviews with historians or people who have met Sacco or Vanzetti.

Topp, Michael M. The Sacco and Vanzetti Case: A Brief History with Documents. New York: St. Martin's P, 2004.

            This book is a primary source because it had many letters from Sacco or Vanzetti to family members and acquaintances, and speeches on behalf of Sacco and Vanzetti. It had a time line of events and cross-examinations of suspects of the robbery and murder including Sacco and Vanzetti.

Yates, Michael D. "Sacco and Vanzetti." MRZINE 21 Dec. 2006.

            From this site, we found a quote given by Vanzetti, to a reporter, before his execution as well as a painting of Sacco and Vanzetti. It even had sites where we could find poems, songs and any artistic expression related or dedicated to Sacco and Vanzetti.

                                         Secondary Sources:

Adams, Carol, and David C. Olson. "CCB Sacco-Vanzetti Memorial and Award." Community Church of Boston. 11 Mar. 2009 <http://www.commchurch.org/saccovanzetti.htm>.

            From this site we found a picture that we added onto the site. The picture was of a memorial of Sacco and Vanzetti. We also found a quote from the sculptor who made the memorial. We even found information such as: "After the executions, the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee proposed that a memorial building, named Freedom House, might be erected in the vicinity of the Massachusetts State House in Boston to continue the research and advocacy around Sacco and Vanzetti and other individuals who have not found justice at the hands of the American judicial system."

Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1991. 1-265. 

            This book, was helpful because it contained information on why Sacco and Vanzetti might have become anarchists. It also had a biography of their life in America.

Bortman, Eli. "An Interview with a Professor of Law at Boston University." E-mail interview. 2 Feb. 2009.

            This interview supported the idea that Judge Thayer was clearly biased. Just like our other interviews, Mr. Bortman also thought that Sacco and Vanzetti didn't have a fair trial. Unlike our other interviews, however, he thought it was reasonable for Sacco and Vanzetti to be electrocuted, if they were in fact guilty.

Camilleri, Andrea. "Italy’s American Baggage." The New York Times. 23 Aug. 2007.4 Nov. 2008 <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/opinion/23camillieri.html_r=1&scp=2sq=sacco%20and%20vanzetti&st=cse&oref=slogin>.

            This article was important to our group because it had information on what effects Sacco and Vanzetti had on Italy. Many newspapers in Italy that carried stories about Sacco and Vanzetti usually stated somewhere that they were innocent. In fact, their story became a drama and was soon turned into a movie written and directed by Giuliano Montaldo.

Clark, Andrew. "Toward a more visible monument." The Boston Globe 21 Dec. 2008.

            This article included a picture which we put on our website. In the article, we found out that a group of people are trying to raise money to make a seven -foot-long bronze monument of Sacco and Vanzetti. It is estimated to cost $50,000. There is a plaster cast of the monument made by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mount Rushmore. Since 1997, it has been located on the third floor of the Boston Public Library.

David, Andrew. "Nicolo Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti." Famous Criminal Trials. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1979. 9-19.

            The book was a brief summary of the Sacco and Vanzetti trials. It had a short biography of Judge Webster Thayer. This book had information on Fred Moore, Sacco and Vanzetti's lawyer, too.

D'Attilio, Robert. "SACCO-VANZETTI CASE." CPCW. University of Pennsylvania. 4 Feb. 2009 <http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/sacvan.html>.

            From this site, we learned many things. One interesting thing we found out was that Sacco and Vanzetti's lawyer, Fred Moore, organized public meetings, solicited the support of labor unions, and contacted international organizations. We also found out that Moore's aggressive strategy transformed a little known case into an international cause celebre.

Grant, Robert, and Joseph Katz. "Chapter 1: Sacco and Vanzetti." The Great Trials of the Twenties : The Watershed Decade in America's Courtrooms. New York: Da Capo P, Incorporated, 1998. 23-49.

            In this book, we found cross-examinations and facts on why they were innocent such as that there were witnesses who say Sacco and Vanzetti weren't at the scene of the crime. Also, the source included witnesses that thought Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent.

"Howard Zinn lectures on the Meaning of Sacco and Vanzetti." Sacco and Vanzetti Commemoration Society. Sacco and Vanzetti Commemoration Society. 26 Nov. 2008 <http://www.saccoandvanzetti.org>.

            This site was made to preserve the memory of Sacco and Vanzetti. The site had  information on when and where events such as lectures, meetings, rallies, and marches about Sacco and Vanzetti would take place. The website also had videos, paintings, photos and documents about anything related to Sacco and Vanzetti.

Kelly, Jack. "Sacco and Vanzetti: Innocent or Guilty?" AmericanHeritage.com: History's Homepage. 23 Aug. 2007. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20070823-sacco-vanzetti-anarchist-criminal-capital-punishment.shtml>.

            From this site, we learned how old Sacco and Vanzetti were during the time of the arrest and that the district attorney was Frederick Katzmann. We also learned that as the case of Sacco and Vanzetti went on, they changed their lawyer to William Thompson, with Fred Moore being the previous one. We have learned that the Soviets named warships after Sacco and Vanzetti and that a Soviet factory made Sacco-Vanzetti pencils. Most important, is that over the next two decades from when they were executed, the case would inspire 144 poems, six plays, and eight novels.

Knappman, Edward W. Great American Trials. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1993.

            With this book we found out things we previously didn't know. An example would be that Sacco and Vanzetti's anarchist friends organized a defense committee for Sacco and Vanzetti. The committee known as the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee then collected money for three months and then hired Fred H. Moore, a lawyer from California.

"Massachusetts' Electric Chair." America's Electric Chairs. 25 Jan. 2009 <http://users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/Electric%20Chairs/Massachusetts%20Electric%20Chair.htm>.

            On this site, we found a picture of the electric chair in which Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in. We also found out how long the chair was used (1901 - 1947) and how many times it had been used for executions.

Miller, Peter. "An Interview with the director and producer of the documentary of Sacco And Vanzetti." E-mail interview. 19 Dec. 2008.

            Peter Miller produced and directed the documentary SACCO AND VANZETTI which was released in theaters in 2007. From our interview with him, we learned his opinion about the case such as whether or not Sacco and Vanzetti had a fair trial. His answer was that the trial was terribly unfair because "The political beliefs and ethnicity of the defendants was much more important to the judge and jury than whether they committed the robbery and murder for which they were charged".

Nichols, Guild. "Part 5: Boston's Little Italy 1900-Today." An Historical overview of The North End. 26 Jan. 2009 <http://www.northendboston.com/history5.htm>.

            On this site, we found a couple of images of Sacco and Vanzetti related events. One of the images that we included on our web page is a picture of a demonstration for Sacco and Vanzetti.

Normey, Robert. "Sacco and Vanzetti." BBNEt. July & Aug. 2008. 2 Feb. 2009 <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0OJX/is_6_32/ai_n31021080?tag=content;col1>.

            We found out that Sacco and Vanzetti believed violent action was needed to overthrow the American government. We also found out that each Sunday afternoon they met with their fellow anarchists to discuss the best way to keep the police from learning of the anarchist group's role in the recent bombing campaigns.

Polenberg, Richard. "An Interview with Professor Richard Polenberg." E-mail interview. 10 Mar. 2009.

This interview was important because Mr. Polenberg is an expert on Sacco and Vanzetti. His answers were differently opinionated then most of our other interviews. He believed that it had something to do with their convictions that they were arrested.

"Sacco & Vanzetti Background:." The Authentic History Center. 17 Jan. 2009 <http://www.authentichistory.com/1920s/speeches/1957c_MJ_Musmano-             Sacco_Vanzetti_Def_Member_Reflects.html>.

            From this website, we found a button of Sacco and Vanzetti. The button supported Sacco and Vanzetti's freedom and life.

Sacco And Vanzetti. Dir. Peter Miller. Prod. Peter Miller. Perf. John Turturro and Tony Shalhoub. DVD. First Run Features, 2006.

            This was an informative video. It included many interviews such as an interview with Howard Zinn. This documentary was helpful because we took a clip of it and put it on the website as a video.

"Sacco and Vanzetti Documentary at Cleveland Museum of Art." Cleveland Indy Media Center. 22 Jan. 2009 <http://cleveland.indymedia.org/news/2007/07/26217.php>.

            On this site, we found an image of a car with signs on it protesting for Sacco and Vanzetti. The picture was probably taken around the time of Sacco and Vanzetti's execution.

"Sacco and Vanzetti." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC

            From this article, we learned that when the trial first began in Dedham, Massachusetts, the trial almost received no publicity outside of Boston. It seemed as though the anarchist issue was of minor importance. But over the next six years, people like Moore, who was a lawyer, reshaped the public image of the case by having public meetings, etc.

"Sacco and Vanzetti : Indybay." San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center. 06 Feb. 2009 <http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/06/23/18430304.php>.

            This was an extremely good source for many reasons. The website informed us why Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty and even backed up its statements with facts and evidence that they were guilty. This source had many other links to other websites about Sacco and Vanzetti which were also very informative.      

 Watson, Bruce. "An Interview with the author of The Men, the Murders, and the Judgment of  Mankind: Sacco & Vanzetti." E-mail interview. 12 Jan. 2009.

            From this interview, we learned the interviewee's opinion of whether Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent. Just like our other interview with Peter Miller, Mr. Watson also believed that Sacco and Vanzetti didn't have a fair trial. He even said that "The judge was biased to the point of being ridiculous."

Watson, Bruce. The Men, the Murders, and the Judgment of Mankind: Sacco & Vanzetti. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2007. 1-434.

            This book was a detailed biography of Sacco and Vanzetti. The book had pictures which were very useful because we could see what each person involved in the case looked like. The book had no perspective on the case which was good because we got hard facts instead of opinions.